叠测听Jitendra Jani听

听

A clear baseline of expectations for teachers was introduced in September 2012 in the form of the Teachers鈥� Standards Overview1. They 鈥�define the minimum level of practice expected of trainees and teachers from the point of being awarded QTS鈥�.2 A year later, further guidance was published3 to help schools utilise the standards for reviewing ones practice, professional development, reflective conversations following observations and performance management.听

Figure 1 Department for Education听

听Many of us utilise the Teachers鈥� Standards to purposefully direct our development or to support the development of others. The purpose of this series of articles is to link the Teachers鈥� Standards to the research into cognition and expert teaching by John Hattie and Barak Rosenshine. An executive summary styled review of one of Hattie and Yates鈥� published works4 (Visible Learning and the Science of How We Learn – VL) as well as Rosenshine鈥檚 Principles of Instruction5 (POI) will be used in conjunction with the Teachers鈥� Standards Overview to bring a further understanding to the Cognition, Precision and Development of our profession.听

Figure 2 鈥� Teaching Standard 1听

The first standard, indicated in Figure 2, will be the first focus for discussion. Setting high expectations which inspire, motivate and challenge pupils is essential for the philosophy of education outlined in the 麻豆国产AV Way. Within the three-fold path the vision which amplifies our intent is explained as one where:听

鈥溾赌� deeply inspired teachers nurture joyful students and nourish their innate passion for learning. Learning is a quest to discover each student鈥檚 unique gifts and potential and lay the foundation for their lifelong journey of learning. This is inseparable from high academic standards, where a challenging holistic curriculum cultivates independently thoughtful and reflective students by working towards a sense of mastery, emphasising depth, and not just breadth.鈥�6

Figure 3 鈥� The 麻豆国产AV Way听

The links between the first teaching standard and the 麻豆国产AV Way is explicit. It is a philosophy that paves the way to embedding principles that is 鈥�truly is a whole community approach.鈥�7 All members of such a community should strive for growth through intellectual, moral and spiritual pathways. That continued growth is the high expectation which in turn motivates and inspires us to be the best we can be and make the world a better place.听

To encourage this we implement ways to boost confidence such that we are 鈥榓lways in鈥� and are 鈥榓lways creating鈥� a safe, stimulating learning environment. The importance of building confidence through 鈥淜nowing Thyself鈥� and using that information to create a safe and stimulating learning environment is highlighted by the fact that Hattie dedicated a third of his VL book to it. He discusses the three hidden levels of confidence and how they are domain specific. He also explains the impact that perceived competency can have on self-efficacy, self-enhancement and self-control.听

Although many of Rosenshine鈥檚 POI are based around effective procedures to support acquiring new knowledge and processing information into long-term memory, it places a spotlight on the impact of high success rates. Setting pupils up for failure can result in learned helplessness8, which is effectively an antonym of resilience. It is important to state how the first teaching standard and Rosenshine鈥檚 high success rates are not contradictory nor are they mutually exclusive. This is because the POI also include that the high success should come as a result of assistance through guided practice or by scaffolding difficult tasks.听

Figure 4 鈥� Cognitive Flow听

My conclusion is that for successful teaching and learning to take place we must make sure that we maintain high expectations but create a pathway appropriate for pupils to reach cognitive flow, as illustrated in Figure 4听9. Learning should be accessible such that pupils can process content, practice skills and assess their development. There needs to be a focus on specific content or skills through modelling, scaffolding and deliberate practice10. Building confidence goes hand in hand with precision teaching to sustain a challenging environment where pupils feel safe to fail because they have had so much success. The difficulty must continue to ramp up or alternatively skills and content could dovetail to provide for pupils to create schemas11 or work towards mastery.听

Einstein summarises this extremely well.听

鈥淓verything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler.鈥�

Albert Einstein

听1 Teachers鈥� Standards: Overview – https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/665522/Teachers_standard_information.pdf听

2 Teachers鈥� Standards – https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/665520/Teachers__Standards.pdf听

3 Information sheet: How should they be used – https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/283567/Teachers_standards_how_should_they_be_used.pdf听

4 Hattie, J. & Yates, G. (September 2013) – Visible Learning and the Science of How We Learn听

5 Rosenshine, B. – Principles of Instruction: Research-Based Strategies That All Teachers Should Know, American Educator Vol. 36, No. 1, Spring 听

7 Armstrong, A. 鈥� PAR AWC 麻豆国产AV Way Assemblies Information for Parents and Carers听

8 Leonard, J. 鈥� What is learned helplessness? 鈥� Medical News Today https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325355#:~:text=Learned%20helplessness%20is%20a%20state,opportunities%20for%20change%20become%20available听

9 Aspects of Play: Flow in Video Games/Cognitive flow https://paldinchronicles.wordpress.com/2013/10/06/aspects-of-play-flow-in-video-games-unfinished/听

10 Lemov, D. 鈥� Developmental Writing: Especially useful with short assignments and fast revision https://teachlikeachampion.com/blog/developmental-writing-especially-useful-w-short-assignments-fast-revision/听

11 Shibli, D. – It鈥檚 not all about retrieval practice! 鈥� January 2020 Impact听

https://impact.chartered.college/article/its-not-all-about-retrieval-practice/ 听

By听Jay Laxhman听

听鈥楩lipped learning鈥� is an approach that has become more prominent in education in recent years. Between 2013 and 2017, the EEF completed an efficacy trial with KS2 pupils using an online programme.1 The idea has said to stem from Vygotsky鈥檚 Zone of Proximal Development, ZPD2. When Jay revisited some of Vygotsky鈥檚 research, it inspired some thought provoking questions:听

鈥淲hy are teachers in school?鈥�听

鈥淲hat is the end goal?鈥�听

Overall, Jay believes that all pupils should make progress that is built upon prior to entering the schooling process. He provides his unique perspective of Vygotsky鈥檚 work below:听

Figure 1: JLA鈥檚 illustration of the Zone of Proximal Development听

鈥淲e all have our own ZPD and prior attainment. We also have the outer area of this diagram where we are unable to process the information and apply it. This area there where the learning is inaccessible. However, between our prior knowledge and the area lost to the learner we cannot access is a Zone of Proximal Development where, with the support and guidance of a facilitator and/or resources, one can access the learning. This zone is the area of push and individuals are encouraged to work harder and harder to understand the learning in this zone. Although it can be difficult at times, they do obtain the knowledge and improve their skills.鈥�

Hattie discusses the importance of the difficulty faced when processing the learning in ZPD with explanation of two systems of thinking3. By pushing pupils into the ZPD, they need to switch away from automaticity and immediacy towards a process that allows them to 鈥榮top, look, listen, and focus鈥�4. The slower thinking system is required for more challenging situations to be considered more deeply and this can lead to a 鈥榟urt鈥� more if our cognitive resources are not expanded by its regular use.5听

Jay went on to explain how the Zone of Proximal Development can be applied to other aspects of life. He used the example of physical development at a gymnasium:听

鈥淎n individual is clearly able to comfortably lift up two dumbbells of the weight of 8kg each. However, this does not help the muscles to rip and then bond to form larger stronger muscles, which is the purpose of the exercise.听

鈥淚n the same gymnasium, a similar individual performing the same exercise is working hard with 20kg in each hand. This weight at present is not accessible for the individual.听

鈥淭herefore, ideal individual would be encouraged to focus on his posture, the movement and complete few reps with a 12kg weight.听

The Zone of Proximal Development for this person could be between 10-14kg. This guidance, from a teacher or personal trainer, should assist in developing the individual.鈥�听

Lamov鈥檚 鈥淭each like a CHAMPION鈥� blog6 often references the parallels between good coaching in sports and good practices as an educator. His focus on the similarities have led to simple, yet ground breaking revelations as to how clear instructions that move learners into the ZPD can accelerate progress.听

Deliberate practice has also found its way into Jay鈥檚 example of how to use our knowledge of cognition to better our teaching and learning. The Confident Teacher7, a blog written by Quigley, as well as the CCT8 have referred this as a potential key part of becoming an expert in education. In the same way, through prior attainment and understanding, the individual is guided on a particular course to reach fluency. Jay reflected on this to further his understanding of the role of a teacher a potential aim:听

鈥淭he teacher should be a guide that assists the individual to develop in their Zone of Proximal Development.鈥�听

Jay teachers Sanskrit IGCSE at 麻豆国产AV House Secondary School and caters for a variety of pupils with various abilities. Some have knowledge from their primary schools if they were taught Sanskrit or have their home language (Hindi/Gujarati) to assist them. There are also some pupils from India which can help. However, there are some that have had no knowledge of the subject prior to their secondary learning. Sanskrit students have a keen interest for the subject through religiousness, curiosity, or just to attain a prestigious IGCSE grade.听

Sanskrit holds its own as an ancient language alongside Greek and Latin and is known for its complex grammar. Cambridge International鈥檚 goal is that, 鈥淪tudents develop an analytical approach to learning language and are better equipped to compare the structure of Sanskrit with those of other languages. The syllabus also encourages students to develop an appreciation of literature, in terms of content as well as philosophical, cultural, social and historical contexts.鈥�9听

The advice offered by Jay to support your progression as an educator to harness the potential of the Zone of Proximal Development are:听

• 听Know your subject –听

o Have strong curriculum, pedagogical and subject knowledge听

o Understand which topics are more difficult听

o Proactively hunt for misconceptions听

• 听Reflect 鈥�听

o Use your experience to build your knowledge misconceptions听

o Understand which topics may take more time or guidance听

o Take the time to think about the experience of individual learners and their progression听

• 听Active Participation听

o Psychological Safety听

o Teaching Standards 1 and 710听

The three I鈥檚 for effective curriculum design are also used to ensure that the provision for the pupils meets Jay鈥檚 high expectations. He summarised how he uses them when strategizing his planning:听

• 听Impact (previous)听

o Establish a Baseline听

o Check knowledge and skills听

o Reflect听

• 听Intent听

o Know your pupils 鈥� SEND, different ways in processing learning听

o Create an effective learning pathway听

• 听Implementation听

o Differentiate 鈥� grammar vs translation听

o One stop tuition 鈥� pupil led explanations听

o Extension activities听

– Continuous development of skill into fluency, not just knowledge acquisition

– Ignite a passion for the subject听

– Pupils allowed to build upon their own individual learning pathways听

鈥淲e are all individuals and so all of our ZPD will be different.鈥�听

Target grades may help the teacher understand the pupil鈥檚 ability but that is not the full picture. Jay has made large strides towards actualising his vision of a teacher that understands how much individual pupils can be stretched. He has provided the following table that he has constructed for when he is delivering IGCSE Sanskrit (Figure 2).听

Figure 2 鈥� Example of planning table used to expose Zone of Proximal Development听

鈥淥ne can see the different between these students. The target grades, as well as knowing the pupils well, assist in identifying the ZPD. The learning for each in the ZPD is different but not drastically. Student C would not be able to apply their work in translating sentences through the process of Sandhi. They struggle in recognising the cases in the dual and plural. If they are written in Sandhi this may be too much for them. However, this does not mean the teacher should not push them. If they are pushed too far the student may lose motivation to continue. This is where many teachers lose their pupils and after this point, it can be very difficult to retrieve them.鈥�听

Jay鈥檚 dedication and passion for research informed strategies has not been swayed by the Coronavirus (Covid-19). For those that have spoken to him, you will know that his practice has adapted to embed the more classical philosophers and psychologist to give an ageless approach to Cognition, Precision and Development.听

Sanskrit听

啶�啶︵�嵿く啶︵ぞ啶氞ぐ啶むた 啶多�嵿ぐ啷囙し啷嵿�犩じ啷嵿い啶む�嵿い啶︵�囙さ啷囙た啶班�� 啶溹え啶� 啷� 啶� 啶�啶む�嵿お啷嵿ぐ啶�啶距ぃ啶� 啶曕�佮ぐ啷佮た啷� 啶侧�嬥�曕じ啷嵿い啶︵え啷佮さ啶苦い啶苦�� 啷� 啷ㄠェ 啷�听

yad yad 膩carati 艣re峁ａ弓has tat tad evetaro jana岣� sa yat pram膩峁嘺峁� kurute lokas tad anuvartate听

Whatever action a great man performs, common men follow. And whatever standards he sets by exemplary acts, all the world pursues.听

听1https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/pdf/generate/?u=https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/pdf/project/?id=193&t=EEF%20Projects&e=193&s= EEF Flipped Learning听

2 Bruner, J. (1984). Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development: The hidden agenda听

3 Hattie, J. & Yates, G. (2013). Understanding Learning: Lessons for learning, teaching and research 鈥� page 28听

4 Stanovich, K. E. (1999). Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning. Mahwah, NJ:听

Lawrence Erlbaum听

5 Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking fast, thinking slow. New York, NY: Farrar Straus Giroux.听

Figure 1: JLA鈥檚 illustration of the Zone of Proximal Development听

Area lost to the learner

ZPD

Prior Knowledge

6 https://teachlikeachampion.com/blog/ Lamov. D听

7 https://www.theconfidentteacher.com/2013/03/becoming-a-better-teacher-by-deliberate-practice/ Quigley. A听

8 https://impact.chartered.college/article/scaffolding-by-novice-expert-teachers-difference/ Shires. L听

9 https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/336801-2019-2021-sanskrit.pdf Sanskrit Syllabus 2019 听

By Nitesh Gor OBE

The idea for 麻豆国产AV was formed way back in 2003. Our intention was for a school that fulfilled the potential of each child, intellectual, moral, emotional and spiritual. However, it wasn鈥檛 until after our first school opened that we began trying to articulate the vision in more concrete terms. Through that process, three core themes emerged: educational excellence, character formation and spiritual insight. They seemed to encapsulate our intent and we ran with that; they became our intertwined three-fold path. We created a logo based on these three aspects and incorporated the words excellence, virtue and devotion as shorthand for the new logo design. As the organisation evolved, so did the bullet points that explained each of these three core areas of our mission. The six values (respect, self-discipline, integrity, courage, empathy, gratitude) arose from an exercise that consolidated the various values that appeared through the faith tradition鈥檚 core texts: Bhagavad-gita and Bhagavata Purana.

A few years ago, as we began seriously exploring the potential of us developing and/or taking on community (non-faith) schools, we saw the increasing need to review our vision and ethos statement. Our three-fold path was working well, and our six values were universal enough, but we realised that two particularly important aspects were missing: the first, a simple statement on why we exist 鈥� our raison d’锚tre, and the second, the philosophical principles upon which our intentions of educational excellence, character formation and spiritual insight rest.

The statement on why we exist was relatively easy, since we had done so much work previously on this topic, and because the opening passages of the Bhagavata Purana refer to education as 鈥渞eality distinguished from illusion for the welfare of all鈥�. The statement takes our original intention of holistic education and identifies the main outcome we wish to see as a result of this education i.e. for our alumni to use all they have learned and have become, to make the world a better place.

The philosophical principles were slightly more challenging since that involved first identifying the most critical philosophical principles and then synthesising these quite complex ideas into pithy statements. The result was the six Core Principles. These, perhaps even more than our three-fold path, exemplify what is most unique about 麻豆国产AV. These are the organisation鈥檚 core beliefs, which act as the lens through which we seek to manifest our vision. Indeed, they inform what the organisation鈥檚 vision, ethos and culture should be.

As 麻豆国产AV matures as an organisation, The 麻豆国产AV Way will become increasingly embedded within our DNA. Or perhaps it is better put the other way around: as The 麻豆国产AV Way becomes increasingly embedded within our DNA, 麻豆国产AV will mature as an organisation.

叠测听Mike Ion听

听

鈥淲hat if understanding memory was the key to unlocking learning?鈥�

Long-term memory is a powerhouse of human cognition, helping us to solve problems, make sense of new information and look things up. But storing things securely in long-term memory can be really hard, particularly for students who have to remember lots of new information in lots of different subjects.

What is known as 鈥榮paced-repetition鈥� is a solution to this problem. It is one of the best-evidenced findings in cognitive psychology, and makes remembering things much easier and quicker, but despite this it is not often used.

The video presentation below provides a quick overview of 鈥榮paced-repetition鈥� research and some practical advice about how you can integrate a 鈥榮paced-repetition鈥� flashcard system into your teaching and planning.

Teaching That Sticks

Why do we remember somethings better than others?

The article below was written by Chip and Dan Heath, the authors of popular books such as听,听听and The . In this article they explore why ideas become sticky and how that might translate into the classroom.

Key Takeaways

• Sticky ideas are听SIMPLE听and focus on the most important information. They contain 鈥淲hat matters most鈥� and consciously exclude anything else.
• UNEXPECTED听ideas or experiences raise levels of curiosity and motivate students to want to know more.
• Ideas that are made听CONCRETE听through the explanation of practical application or physical involvement by students seem to be more sticky.
• Making an idea or a piece of information听CREDIBLE听by using facts or getting students to see or experience it is key.
• Connecting with听EMOTION听during the learning process can help by attaching information to feelings which are often easier to recall than isolated knowledge.
• Knowledge or ideas woven into听STORY听are particularly powerful as they trigger mental simulation and enable students to put themselves into the situation or idea.

听